MELISSA OFFICINALIS (Lemon Balm)

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a fragrant perennial herb belonging to the mint family, Lamiaceae. Native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, it’s often cherished in gardens for its soothing lemony scent and calming properties.

Other Names

Balm, Balm Mint, Blue Balm, Dropsy Plant, Garden Balm, Sweet Balm, Lemon Balm, Melissa.

Habitat

Originally from Southern Europe, especially mountainous areas, Lemon balm has long been cultivated in England and many parts of the world for its medicinal and culinary uses.

Description

A hardy plant, Lemon balm grows between 70–150 cm tall. Its green, oval-shaped leaves exude a gentle lemon fragrance, and in summer, small white nectar-rich flowers bloom, attracting bees — reflected in the genus name Melissa, which means ‘honey bee’ in Greek.

Main chemical compounds contributing to its aroma:

• Citronellal (24%)

• Geranial (16%)

• Linalyl acetate (12%)

• Caryophyllene (12%)

There are several cultivated varieties, such as:

• M. officinalis 'Citronella'

• M. officinalis 'Variegata'

• M. officinalis 'Lemonella'

• M. officinalis 'Aurea'

• M. officinalis 'Quedlinburger Niederliegende' (bred for high essential oil content)

Phytochemistry

Lemon balm is rich in compounds beneficial to health:

• Eugenol: Antibacterial, muscle-relaxing, numbing

• Tannins: Antiviral and astringent

• Terpenes: Contributing to its calming, sedative effects

• Rosmarinic Acid: A potent GABA transaminase inhibitor responsible for anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects

Traditional & Culinary Uses

Lemon balm is used as:

• A flavouring agent in ice creams, herbal teas (both hot and iced), fruit dishes, candies, and fish recipes.

• An ingredient in lemon balm pesto.

• A natural mosquito repellent (rubbing fresh leaves on the skin).

• A herbal tea and extract for calming nerves, soothing digestion, and relieving stress.

Historically, it’s believed to uplift the spirit, with ancient herbalists prescribing it to ease sadness and melancholy.

Therapeutic Applications

Medicinal Uses

• Antiviral: Effective against Herpes simplex (cold sores)

• Anxiolytic & Sedative: Helps reduce stress, anxiety, and nervous tension

• Antibacterial: Though milder compared to other herbs

• Digestive Aid: Relieves indigestion, bloating, and flatulence

• Cognitive Support: Aids mental performance, memory, and mood, potentially helpful in early Alzheimer’s symptoms

• Antioxidant: Reduces oxidative stress, as shown in studies involving radiology workers

• Endocrine Support: Inhibits thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) activity, making it a potential complementary aid for hyperthyroidism and Graves’ disease

Aromatherapy

Its essential oil, though expensive and often adulterated, is highly valued for:

• Relaxation

• Rejuvenation

• Soothing aromatherapeutic blends

The oil blends harmoniously with lemon, citronella, and other citrus oils.

Skincare

Lemon balm oil is added to balms and skin preparations for:

• Muscle tension relief

• Soothing irritated skin

• Easing minor skin infections

Precautions

• Those on thyroid medication (like thyroxine) should consult healthcare professionals before using lemon balm regularly, as it may interfere with hormone absorption.

• Its essential oil should be used cautiously due to potency and risk of adulteration.

Modern Research Highlights

• Mood & Anxiety Relief: Scientific studies confirm its calming, mood-lifting effects.

• Antiviral Properties: Notably effective in topical treatments for cold sores.

• Cognitive Support: Preliminary research indicates improvements in memory and reduced agitation in dementia patients.

• Antioxidant Power: Protects against oxidative stress in those exposed to low-dose radiation.

• Potential for Hyperthyroidism Management: Inhibits TSH receptors.

Conclusion

Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) is a treasured herb with a rich history in both the kitchen and the apothecary. Its gentle lemon fragrance, versatility in culinary and medicinal uses, and scientifically backed therapeutic benefits make it an indispensable herb in holistic and herbal practices.